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Coffee - one of the oldest drinks known to mankind, it is drunk around the world for several centuries. However, only a drink made from quality coffee beans can convey the original magic and powerful energy of coffee. It is difficult to imagine the life of a modern man without coffee. In such a dynamic time, this drink has become our constant companion at home, in business negotiations, friendly meetings and dates. The best for making a drink that invigorates is coffee in beans. And if it is prepared from freshly ground beans, it will have a distinct taste, wonderful sensual aroma and long-lasting taste.

Great

Illustrated

History

of Coffee

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Great
Illustrated

History of Coffee

There are two versions of opening coffee

According to the first popular legend, the history of coffee begins with Sheikh Omar. At that time he was a very respected doctor and studied the new properties of various plants. He lived in a cave like a recluse.

One day a bird of paradise appeared in front of him, singing melodies. Jumping from branch to branch, he left behind a hitherto unknown fruit. Thus, Omar discovered the fruits of the coffee tree.

After studying the properties of the fruit, he began to prescribe it as a medicine for headaches and intestinal problems. Legend has not left a trace on the methods of preparation of these medicine. This remedy was so popular with his clients that they frequented Omar. Often, people used to invent headaches to get these medications. That`s how the coffee drink began to spread no longer as a remedy, but as one whose consumption you enjoy.

850 is the year of the discovery of coffee according to another legend. It is believed that the first to notice the exciting properties of coffee were the Ethiopian ancestors of the Oromo peoples. They tell one story about the discovery of coffee berries. This is unknown if it is true, but such a legend also exists. One day, an Ethiopian shepherd named Kaldym grazed goats and noticed that they became more energetic and mobile after eating red berries from a bush. The boy began to experiment and filled this effect on himself.

The shepherd told his friends about his impressions and rumors eventually reached the abbot of the local monastery. He found that a decoction of the leaves and berries of this mysterious tree perfectly drives away fatigue and adds cheerfulness. He ordered the monks to drink this decoction daily,

that they may pray more diligently at night. Shortly afterwards, the monks began to dry the coffee and roast it on the fire.

From Ethiopia, coffee spread to the north, to Egypt and Yemen, and only then throughout the Middle East. It should be noted that coffee beans were quite an expensive pleasure, so such a purchase could afford only wealthy people. They saw medicinal properties in the excitatory properties of coffee beans and used them exclusively as a medicine and not for pleasure.

It is a historical fact that the great Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) already knew about the existence of coffee in the tenth century. This fact is considered by some historians to be the beginning of the "History of Coffee".

Year 1100.

Not all readers have seen the fruits of the coffee tree (bush), which they are in nature. What we usually call coffee is a bean that is placed in a shell of pulp and skin. By the time the coffee beans began to separate, dry, grind, etc. all drinks were made from whole coffee berries.

In the same way, from whole coffee berries was made coffee wine. The recipe is simple - the coffee berries were left to ferment, then the resulting juice was mixed with water in certain proportions.

Also the interesting fact is the production of tea from coffee, which was called "cascara" (translated from Spanish - "husk").

This drink was also called "drink for the poor" and it was more like a compote. It is known that in Ethiopia and Yemen, the husks of coffee berries were dried (when the coffee berries were already separated) and cooked together with spices. This fragrant drink in each country had its own name, for example in Yemen it was called Qishr, in Ethiopia it is known as Hashara, and in Bolivia it is known as Sultana. By the way, the cost of the cascara itself often exceeded the cost of the coffee itself.

Usually the Arabica coffee tree grows up to 5-6 meters, and in the wild can reach 10 meters. Nowadays, trees up to 2.5 meters high are cultivated, making them easier to care for and gather fruit. And the first coffee trees were like impassable bushes with long tangled branches.

The first coffee trees were planted and grown on the Arabian Peninsula. Initially, coffee was prepared there as a decoction of the dried shell of coffee beans. In the Arabian Peninsula, the stimulating properties of coffee were used in their own way - the beans were pounded in a mortar, fat was added, and balls were sculpted from this mixture.

These balls were quite a high-calorie product and maintained vitality. They were gladly taken with them by caravan guides, and such food allowed the soldiers to stay awake for several days. Arab merchants said that a coffee drinker found himself in paradise.

By the 14th century, numerous changes had taken place in the preparation of the coffee drink. First there was a decoction of coffee tree leaves, then prepared a drink from the fruits of the coffee tree, later from the fruits began to separate the beans, dry them, fry, grind in a mortar, grind in a millstone, pour boiling water, cook in a pot, etc. At the same time, milk and various spices began to be added to coffee drinks.

It is also interesting to note that Turkish coffee drinkers still crush coffee beans in a mortar with wooden pestles. Moreover, the longer the history of this accessory, the more it is respected. It is believed that over time, the wooden pestle is saturated with coffee oils and this has a positive effect on the taste of coffee ground in it.

In fact, by the 14th century, the basic technologies and ways to obtain a drink from coffee beans were identified.

According to some sources, the year 1450 was the invention of the cezve, a small vessel in which coffee powder was boiled, sometimes with sugar. Sometimes various spices were added to the powder - cinnamon, cloves, etc.

From the Arabic "cezve" translates as hot coals. Cezve is usually a round copper container with a wide bottom, a narrow top and a long handle.

What is now called "classic" (or "Turkish") brewing coffee in a cezve is the process of making coffee in the sand. Sand was poured on the pan and set on fire. When the sand heated up, they put a coffee pot in it. Over time, in Europe, "cezve" became known as "Turks".

It was the Turks who came up with this original way of brewing coffee in a cezve, which we use now.

Although some see differences in these capacities (for example, in the width of the neck), but these are the names of the same capacity.

In those days, there was another way to make coffee - in an Ibrik.

This word comes from two Persian words - water and pour. Ibrik looks very much like a jug with an elongated neck and a long curved nose. It was made of copper or other metal. This capacity was mainly used by nomadic tribes to store water, but since the nomads do not need extra utensils, they came up with the idea to use this capacity for brewing coffee.

And it was invented by the Berbers. And today this container is used for brewing coffee in Saudi Arabia and Syria.

The year 1450 is the first official mention of coffee consumption. It happened in the Ardennes.

Year 1475 - Arabs begin roasting grains and brewing qahwa, which literally translates to "sleep deprivation."

The year 1476 can be considered the beginning of the history of coffee in Ukraine. This year, Turkish Sultan Mehmed II Fatih sent his 200,000-strong army to the most brutal attempt to capture Khotyn (the territory of Ukraine). However, once again he failed. Retreating, in a hurry, the Turkish troops left among the property and bags of "unclear what." It is not grain and are not peas… It is hard and impossible to eat. However, strange grains tasted like horses. Later, a captured Turk told how to make a drink from these grains. This black drink was liked by soldiers, and especially by city guards who had to stand on their feet for days. This is how coffee first became known in Ukraine.

In year 1510, the first official mention of coffee consumption in Cairo.
In the very beginning, coffee was consumed by Sufis (Sufism is an Islamic current). With a lot of coffee, they brought themselves to religious ecstasy during the rites.

As for the culture of coffee consumption, in the East most people drank coffee in the shade of trees, gathering for rest and conversation, but visits to cafes were not uncommon. There is information that the Muslim clergy strongly opposed the habit of the faithful to go to cafes, because the latter spent more time there than in prayer.

The clergy called coffee an "African potion" and strongly opposed such a cult habit, namely, going to a coffee shop, and part of the radical clergy were generally against the use of coffee.

In year 1511, there was even a theological debate in Mecca over this in the presence of the governor of Egypt, Sultan Khair-bek. The coffee drink has been recognized as a "drug devil`s potion" and one that stimulates radical (oppositional) thinking. Theologians believed that cafes served to spread oppositionist views and forbidden poems about power.

They decided to ban the coffee drink, to smash all the cafes in Mecca, to burn all the coffee, and to severely punish the coffee lovers by cutting off their tongues. Fortunately, after some thought, the Egyptian sultan did not support this decision and coffee consumption in Mecca was completely resumed.

Until relatively recently, the only drink consumed by the locals of Mecca was the so-called "kahwa saada" - a strong coffee, always black and without the addition of various sweeteners. This drink was typical of the time before World War II, after which another drink "kahwa mazbouta" became widespread, coffee, no less strong than before, but already very sweet. Interestingly, the European custom of adding cream or milk to coffee has not taken root here.

In year 1554 the first two cafes were built in Constantinople.

In the Ottoman Empire, the consumption of coffee and coffee itself was also banned and allowed.
In 1554, coffee appeared in Istanbul - two Syrian merchants Shams and Hotm opened the first coffee shop on the shores of the Golden Horn and called it "the milk of chess players and thinkers." They brought coffee from Yemen.

According to another legend, which is more revered in Turkey, the governor of Yemen, Ozdemir Pasha, while visiting the Turkish Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, treated him to coffee. The sultan liked the divine drink so much that very soon a new position appeared in the palace - a coffee maker.

The world`s first “Kiva Khan” coffee shop opens in Constantinople near Takhtakale.

In 1565, the first public café opened in Istanbul.

If the period up to the 15th century is considered to have been marked by the search for ways to brew coffee, the 16th century can be considered to have definitively defined the "cavometric" standards for its consumption.
This phenomenon is attributed to coffee lovers of the Ottoman Empire.

Cavometric standards:

  • diameter of a coffee cup within 4-7 cm
  • cup height 4-6 cm
  • diameter of a plate under a cup of 10-14 cm

In 1573, the German physician and traveler Leonard Rauwolf (1535-1596) arrived in the city of Aleppo (or Aleppo, Syria). He is considered to be the first European to see and describe coffee.

Here is what he wrote in his book "A True Description of a Journey to the Orient," published in the Bavarian town of Lauingen in 1582:

“Among others, they (Turks and Arabs) have a good drink that they highly value, called by them Hood, which is almost as black as ink.
It helps well with diseases, especially of the stomach. This drink is prepared from a fruit called "bunnu", but in its size, shape and colour resembles laurel. The fruit is surrounded by two thin shells and, as I was told, it is brought from India. Beneath these shells are two yellowish grains in two adjacent cells, and they coincide in their properties, shape, appearance, and name with the bunhan of Avicenna and Banha Razes, so I will consider them the same until the men of science inform me more precisely. They drink this drink early in the morning in the open in front of everyone, without hiding, from deep porcelain cups, as hot as they can stand; they often bring the cup to their lips, but drink little at a time and let it go in a circle, sitting next to each other around the table… This drink is very common among them, so they sell it a lot, and others sell grain everywhere in their markets . They value this drink as highly as we value wine with » absinthe or another made with several plants or medicines. ”.»

In 1582, for the first time in Europe, coffee was documented as a beverage. German orientalist Adam Olearius, traveling to Persia, wrote in his diary: “They (Persians) drink ... some black water called qahwa, made from fruits brought from Yemen and Egypt, which are the color of ordinary wheat… ”
In 1587, the world saw the theological treatise "Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa" ("Observance of purity when drinking coffee"). The author of this treatise is Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Jazari Ali Khan.

Bali al-Ansari reported that the Mufti of the Ardennes (Yemen), Sheikh Jamal al-Din al-Dhabhani, tried coffee in 1454 and then widely introduced the practice of drinking, which was known before, but did not become so widespread. The author also wrote:
"To solve some cases, the mufti had to go to Persia, and while in this country, he witnessed how his compatriots drank coffee. He saw it, but did not ask why they do it and what benefits they get…

Returning to the Ardennes, the mufti noticed the deterioration of his health and recalled how his compatriots drank coffee in Persia. He thought that coffee could cure him. He began to drink coffee and felt much better. But, in addition to improving his health with this remedy, which he did not know before, he noted that coffee has special properties, namely, it cheers the spirit, gives joy, promotes the release of the intestines and, most importantly, drives away sleep, not causing unpleasant sensations.»

It is believed that Europe owes its awareness of coffee to the Italian physician Prospero Alpini (1553-1617). In 1591, he accompanied the Venetian embassy in Egypt and brought coffee stories from there. As a doctor, he described the drink as a medicine: “In one of the Egyptian gardens I saw a tree that bears seeds, known and very common to all: from them the Arabs and Egyptians prepare their favorite drink, which everyone drinks instead of wine and in hotels, just like our wine, and they call it "Kofa". The drink is drunk to strengthen the stomach, to stimulate digestion, for tumors of the liver and spleen.”

In 1596, coffee beans were first delivered to Europe. This was done by the German naturalist Bellus.

1600 - Coffee is introduced to the New World by Captain John Smith, the founder of Virginia in Jamestown. Among European countries, Italians were the first to learn about coffee.

In 1646, the first coffee house in Europe was opened in Venice. It was later described by the Italian playwright Carlo Goldoni in the play "La bottega del caffe".

In the middle of the 16th century, the ban on coffee overtook Turkey.

Turkish Sultan Murad IV during his reign (1623-1640) banned drinking coffee along with the ban on drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco. This was due to the fear of organizing riots and expressing freedom-loving thoughts that might arise in the minds of people who gathered together in large groups to drink coffee. Violators were severely punished - they were either hanged, or sewn into a found bag of coffee beans and thrown into the sea.

However, the number of illegal coffee shops only grew and Sultan Murad`s successor, Sultan Ibrahim I (1640-1648), lifted the ban on coffee.

In 1644, coffee was brought to France, but only 15 years later it became popular in the country.

In 1650, the first cafe on English soil was opened at the Angel Inn in Oxford by a Lebanese man nicknamed Jacob the Jew. English antiquarian Anthony Wood, who often stayed at this hotel, mentions the Lebanese several times in his diaries. In 1650 he wrote: “This year Jacob the Jew opened a cuff of angels in the parish of Saint Peter, East Oxon; and there someone who was fond of novelties drank ”.

Another source, namely the British historian Brian Cowan, believes that the first coffee shop was opened in 1654 in Oxford and was called "Queen`s Lane Coffee House". This coffee shop is still open today.

Brian Cowan described coffee houses at the time: "… places where people were going to drink coffee, find out the news of the day, and possibly meet with other locals and discuss issues of mutual interest."
Coffee shops in England are called "Penny Universities" (pennies are taken both for the entrance and for a cup of coffee).

In 1661, the author, who called himself "M.P." published a treatise "The nature of coffee and coffee shops", which described the healing properties of coffee.

Year 1665 - The first mention of coffee in Russia.

Doctor of the Pharmacy Order of the Pharmacy Chamber Kremlin Samuel Collins wrote a prescription to Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: "We know boiled coffee by the Persians and Turks, and of course in the afternoon ... there is a good cure for the proud, runny nose and headaches ..."
The French were 20 years late in learning coffee. Coffee has been drunk in France only since the reign of Louis XIV in 1669

There is a story that the beginning of coffee expansion in France was laid by the mayor of Amsterdam Nicholas Whitson, who in 1714 gave Louis XIV a coffee tree, although at that time the Sun King was already familiar with coffee and coffee drink was long known to the French, it was used by the whole royal court.

The first official mention of coffee consumption in Ukraine dates back to 1672. This happened in present-day Kamianets-Podilskyi, where the Turks founded the first coffee shop.

At the same time, the coffee boom took place in Germany, while at the same time spreading information about the high profitability of the coffee business. The story goes that the first cafe opened in Regensburg and was called "Café Princess".

By the way, this institution still exists.

King of Prussia Frederick I , whose treasury was rapidly declining due to numerous wars, decided to take advantage of this. He monopolized the coffee business,
and in a very interesting way. He introduced a position - "sniffer", whose responsibilities included walking the streets of cities and literally sniffing the word
illegal coffee drying places. Violators were threatened with prison terms, and the "snipers" themselves often got away from violators.

It is worth noting that other tricks were used by other rulers. For example, it is well known that in Estonia, from Tallinn`s tall tower "Kik-in-de-Kök" ("Look at the kitchen"), city fire watchers also saw the chimneys from which the smoke was coming. Other overseers approached them and sniffed.

If it turned out that it was smoke from roasting or brewing coffee, then such a coffee lover was taxed heavily.

In 1670, the Dutch physician Jan Dantsev opened the first coffee house in Germany in Bremen. In the same year, coffee continued to develop in Germany, the first coffee houses appeared in Hanover and Hamburg. In the northern part of Germany, coffee beans came from England, and in the southern part - from Italy.

The ban on coffee did not escape Germany.

King Friedrich I, as you already know, used coffee to enrich the treasury, and King Fredrich II (he is not the successor of Frederick I) simply banned it. And it was done in a "civilized" way. Initially, pro-government coffee haters and doctors issued a treatise on the negative effects of coffee on the female body.

In the middle of the 18th century King of Prussia Frederick I (the Great) published a manifesto urging people to stop drinking coffee in favor of beer:

"The king does not believe in a soldier who drinks coffee, who expects to endure all the hardships of war or defeat the enemy."

This struggle led to a ban on roasting and brewing coffee anywhere except in the royal walls. To monitor the implementation, a "coffee search" unit was created with a group of "sniffers" who walked the streets of the city and sniffed for smells of coffee. Those caught drinking were either forced to pay a fine or sent to prison for two years.

1672 - The first coffee shop in Paris is opened. It was discovered by an Armenian from Turkey named Pascal. In the same year, another Armenian, Aliban, opened a second cafe in Paris.

In 1674, the first Rules of Conduct of the Coffee House were published in England, proclaiming equality between all people in these establishments, and "no one should give their place to other men." Eyewitnesses described the effect of these democratic rules as follows: “If there was a quarrel, the instigator had to drink coffee with the offended. The subject of "sacred things" was forbidden, there were rules that forbade bad talk about the state, as well as religious writings. The rules forbid random games such as cards and dice. "

In 1674, the women of England published a petition entitled "Women`s Petition Against Coffee." The women complained that the men gathered for coffee to discuss politics and completely forgot about their family responsibilities.

With this in mind, in early 1675, King Charles II issued a "Declaration on the Prohibition of Coffee Shops", according to which all London cafes were to be closed. Another reason was that the autocrats took such steps - coffee shops were declared a "shelter for dissatisfied people and idlers."

Shortly after its release, the decree was revoked. The reason for this was public outrage, which could turn into riots

By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffee shops in England.

1680 - Coffee invades the Scandinavian countries. The widespread use of coffee as a popular beverage in Europe is associated with the name of Ukrainian merchant Yuriy-Franz Kulchytsky.

At the crucial moment of the siege of Vienna by the Turks in 1683, Yuri-Franz Kulchytsky, disguised in Turkish clothes, led Allied troops to help the besieged city. Having received the title of honorary citizen of Vienna, as a reward he asked to give him the 300 bags of coffee beans seized from the Turks.

In fact, Yuriy Kulchytsky became one of the first unrecognized classics of advertising. He personally promoted coffee, distributed it on the streets of the city in Turkish clothes, and in 1684 in Vienna he published a book of his memoirs, which became a bestseller in Europe. On August 13, 1684, Kulchytsky opened the first coffee house in Vienna. He adapted Turkish coffee to European taste: he added sugar and milk to it, created the famous "Viennese coffee" - a drink that conquered all of Europe. Instead of a sign above the door of the coffee shop, a Turkish coffee pot was hung, which eventually became a sign of all coffee makers.

In 1885, the Viennese sculptor Emmanuel Pendel immortalized Kulchytsky in a bronze monument at the expense of the local coffee maker Karl Tsvirina.

In 1686, Edward Lloyd opened his Lloyd`s Coffee House on Tower Street (now Great Tower Street). The coffee shop was a very famous, popular and, one might even say, famous place in London in the 17th - 18th centuries.

This establishment was a popular place for sailors, merchants, shipowners, and Lloyd provided them with reliable news about the delivery of goods. She became the main in the creation of the insurance company "Lloyd Owl London". Thus began the business of the now world-famous insurance company.

1690 - Several Mocha coffee trees are smuggled from the Arab port to Holland.

These sprouts were carefully grown in the botanical gardens of Amsterdam. In 1699, coffee trees were brought to the islands of Java and Sumatra, in a tropical climate they grew very quickly and a few years later these colonies became the main supplier of coffee to Europe. The main credit for this belongs to the Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602).

By the end of the 17th century, the whole world received coffee from Yemen through Turkish and Egyptian merchants. It was a real famous Mocha coffee (Mocha, Mokka).

At the beginning of the 18th century, coffee began to appear in Russia thanks to Peter I, who often visited Holland.

In 1697, while visiting the mayor of Amsterdam, Nicholaas Witsen, he tasted coffee. As a result, in accordance with Peter`s decree, coffee became mandatory at assemblies, it also began to be enjoyed at social events, balls, receptions. Empress Catherine II was a great lover of coffee, she drank it daily, brewed from 400 grams of beans.

In 1699, the French antiquarian and translator Antoine Gallan published a book entitled "On the Origin and Distribution of Coffee." By the way, he is known around the world as the first translator of "One Thousand and One Nights". The material for this book was a theological treatise (previously mentioned) "Observance of purity in the consumption of coffee", authored by Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Jazari ali-Hanbali ali-Ansari.

1719 can be considered the beginning of the emergence of coffee in catering establishments in Russia, in the Kunstkamera - the first museum in Russia - the ladies began to serve a cup of coffee at the entrance, and in 1720 on Trinity Square in St. Petersburg opened the country`s first coffee shop - Austria "Four Frigates".

Ordinary people considered coffee a "devil`s brew".

The attitude towards him was the same as towards Peter`s reforms, which were incomprehensible to ordinary people.

1721 рік – перша кав’ярня відкривається в Берліні.

King Frederick II the Great of Prussia was not very kind about coffee: “I am disgusted to see the growing amount of coffee consumed by my subordinates and, consequently, the growing amount of money flowing out of the country. I grew up drinking beer, as did my two officer officers.

Many battles have been won in the past by beer-drinking soldiers. And if a new war breaks out, I don`t believe that soldiers who drink coffee can be relied on in battle. "

1723 - Coffee trees are brought to America for cultivation from the islands of Java and Batavia, where they were very jealously guarded by the Dutch.

Captain Gabriel Matthew de Clie, a French naval officer, transports the seedlings from Paris to the island of Martinique.

The way by sea was long and difficult. "There was so little water that I had to share my modest supply for more than a month with the seedling on which I had placed all my hopes and which was my consolation," de Clie wrote.

A few years later, the trees he planted began to bloom white and give birth. At first the berries were green, then red, then purple. The captain was appointed governor of Guadeloupe, and after his death a monument was erected to him in gratitude for the distribution of coffee to the French islands. By 1777, more than 1 million trees were grown on the island.

In 1724, by order of Peter I, 15 taverns were opened in St. Petersburg "for foreigners accustomed to the coffee tradition." In the most respectable of them, Peter I sometimes held assemblies.

In 1727, the coffee industry began to develop in Brazil, and the beginning of this was marked by a very interesting story full of romanticism. The coffee first came to South America from the island of Bourbon, east of Africa, thanks to the French. Coffee began to be grown in Guyana, and the French were very jealous of protecting plants from being exported.

In 1727, a young Brazilian officer, Francisco de Melo Palheta, was sent to French Guiana with diplomatic credentials to resolve the border issue. During his stay in Guyana, he had an affair with the governor`s wife. After the talks and before leaving home, a banquet was convened in honor of the Brazilian guests. The governor`s wife brought a bouquet of flowers to the diplomat, inside which were hidden coffee saplings.

Maybe getting coffee to Brazil did not look so romantic, but Brazilians are very proud of this legend and believe in this way of getting coffee.

By the way, today all over the world coffee is associated with Brazil and the imagination immediately transports us to the endless plantations cultivated by African slaves ...

In 1740, the coffee procession continued around the world.

In honour of their favourite drink, the Brazilians have erected a monument to the coffee tree in Sao Paulo, and a monument to coffee beans is in Costa Rica and Thailand.

In 1760, one of the first coffee houses in Europe opened the Grego Café in Rome.

The cafe was named after its Greek-Italian owner. The history of the cafe tells about a large number of people who visited the institution. For example, Stendhal, Goethe, Bertel Thorvaldsen, Mariano Fortuni, Byron, Franz Liszt, Keats, Henrik Ibsen, Hans Christon Andersen, Felix Mendelssohn, Maurice, Wagner, Levy, Maria Zambrano and even Casanova. Today, the Greco Café remains a haven for writers, politicians, artists and prominent people in Rome.

There is an interesting story about how Swedish King Gustav III (1771 - 1792) chose a slow death for the twin brothers. He ordered the criminals to be thrown into prison. They were drinking three times a day with “killng” drinks: one with coffee and the other with tea. The monarch did not face of the end of the experiment - he died in battle.

Doctors who observed the investigated criminals also did not see the result - the twins were long-lived. The tea drinker died at the age of 83. "Koffeedrinker” survived his brother for several years. Coffee advocates love to tell this legend to tea fans.

Coffee came to Lviv in the 18th century from the East, in particular from Turkey and Europe, and more precisely from Vienna, where Yuri Kulchytsky opened the first coffee house in 1683.

Historians are not unanimous about the appearance of the first cafes in Lviv.

Most of them adhere to the version that the first cafe was "Vienna", opened in 1829 on the same place as it is now - the current Svobody Avenue, 12, and then it was Hetman Street.

Other sources suggest that in 1829, the townhouse where the café was located had just begun to be built by the merchant Carl Hartmann, designed by Mateo Brezani, and given the name "House with Four Facades."

An interesting fact about this house is that Hartmann received the land for construction from the city free of charge, as a reward for building a classic guardhouse, which was also designed by Mateo Brezani.

Jan Dobrowolski`s Café Pekelko was the next one opened in Lviv. It existed from 1843 to 1902 on the Krakowska street (this house has not survived to this day).

Another part of the historians claims that in 1802 the commissioner of the city police, Josef Rohrer (later a local historian and professor at Lviv University), included Levakovsky`s café in the description of Lviv. This mention was published in his book "Description of a trip to Galicia and Bukovina ..." Rohrer wrote about Levakovsky`s favorite cafe in Lviv on the Market Square.

We can safely assume that the cafe was founded before 1802. The café worked on the Viennese model, visitors were served in German.

Yakiv Levakovsky was a confectioner by profession, he became rich on the passion of Lviv connoisseurs for his various branded cakes.

In 1819, the German scientist and chemist-analyst Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered silky crystals of caffeine in coffee beans and, without expecting it, isolated the alkaloid caffeine from the beans. Another interesting story is connected with this invention. Runge was interested in plant chemistry. One of his successes was the development of a method for producing atropine.

He demonstrated this discovery to his friend, writer and amateur scientist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They talked over a cup of coffee and the writer jokingly suggested that the scientist study the properties of coffee. Runge took up the case not for fun. As a result, some time later his book on the analysis of plants was published, which described the methods of isolating two alkaloids from coffee - caffeine and quinine.

Since then, caffeine has been used as a medicine.

In 1822, the first prototype of an espresso machine was created in France. Its creator - the frenchman Edward Loylel de Sante. Coffee in his machine was made using steam pressure. It is also known that the first espresso machine using a screw piston was developed by two Italians, Pier Theresio Arduino and Marc Cremonese, independently. In 1830, Marc Cremonese patented his invention.

In the same year, the Moscow Pechkin Literary Café appeared, located next to the Theater Square near the Pechkin Tavern. In fact, the coffee shop was a kind of club of intellectuals,

it was visited by A.N. Ostrovsky (by the way, it was Ostrovsky who translated Carlo Gordoni’s play “Coffee House” into Russian), V.G. Belinsky, O.I. Herzen, M.S. Shchepkin and many others. The founder of the cafe was not Pechkin, but the merchant I.A. Bazhanov. His granddaughter, the daughter of one of the greatest Russian actors of the Romantic era, P.S. Mochalov, wrote in his memoirs: “to support his family, he willy-nilly opened a coffee shop, which became known as the "Literary Cafe””.

In 1843, the inventor of the espresso machine, Edward Loisel de Sante, assembled a unique steam coffee machine called the Loisel Hydroscopic Vase, which caused a sensation at the Paris Exhibition in 1855. According to eyewitnesses, the car made about 2,000 cups of coffee per hour.

Coffee made from Loisel`s espresso machine became known as "Parisian coffee". By the way, the classic espresso usually has a volume of 25-35 ml and is served in a cup of Demitas 60 or 70 ml. The average portion of a classic espresso is about 7 g of coffee per 25 ml of water.

History knows this fact - in 1878 the Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II was visited by the future Tsar of Russia Nicholay II. Abdul Hamid II is considered a sultan-coffeman among all Ottoman rulers. The future king really liked the reception in his honor, as well as coffee, which was served for dessert. At the end of the visit, the Sultan presented Nicholay II with a coffee steamer and a tray.

The little-known but interesting fact of using coffee in the time of Nicholay II says that among the Guards officers enjoyed a snack "Nicholas". Her recipe is attributed to Nicholas II. The powdered sugar was mixed with ground coffee, this mixture was sprinkled with a slice of lemon, which was eaten with a glass of cognac.

1885 - The process of using natural gas and hot air becomes the most popular method of roasting coffee.

In 1899, the American chemist of Japanese origin Satori Kato created instant coffee - a drink that was made from granules and dissolved quickly in water. Before the invention of instant coffee, he invented instant tea.

By 1900, German housewives had established their own pleasant coffee habits. As they were not welcome in public cafes, the girls gathered together in large groups in their homes to drink coffee and talk. Such gatherings were usually held in the south, so this women`s gathering became known as "Kaffeeklatsch" - a combination of two terms "coffee" and "clutch" (gossip).

So, in fact the habit of drinking coffee is firmly entrenched in German culture, and no state ban on women visiting coffee shops could destroy Germany`s love of the drink.

In 1901, the first commercial espresso machine was made in Italy. The creator of this machine was Luigi Bezzera. He is also credited with inventing the name of the coffee product (or brewing technology) in this machine - espresso. He, by the way, a little later was the first to use steam to whip milk and cream.

In 1906, the English chemist George Constant Louis Washington noticed that a powder in the form of powder was collecting on the walls of his silver coffee maker. This prompted him to create coffee that could be brewed directly into a cup, and he soon introduced his version of instant coffee to the world and opened his own G. Washington Coffee Company in 1910.

In 1908, Dresden housewife Melitta Benz patents a paper coffee filter. The reason was that Melitta was unhappy that the last sip of coffee from the cup contained a large amount of thick. She took the blotting paper from her son`s notebook and put it in the hole in the pot. From the bottom of the pot flowed coffee without thick. Together with her husband Hugo Melitta founded the company Melitta to produce its patented filter.

In 1933, Dr. Ernesto Illy released the first automatic espresso machine. It was not much different from modern coffee makers. In addition, he began to use special technology E.S.E. (Easy Serving Espresso - technology of making espresso coffee using disposable portion packs - chald), which allowed to create and standardize the process of making espresso. Dr. Illy created and now heads the world-famous Illy Caffee Company.

The laboratory he created played an important role in the study of methods of production and preparation of coffee. He received the title of "Knight of Industry" from the President of Italy.

“"To make a cup of one ounce of espresso (~ 30 ml) you need 50 coffee beans," Dr. Elijah once said. "One bad bean is enough, and I guarantee you`ll feel it right away." It can be compared to one stale egg in an omelette. ”

1938 - Nestle first instantly produces instant coffee in the Swiss town of Orb. The background was as follows - the Brazilian government asked the company to find a way to industrially process and store coffee.

Henri Nestle, in turn, turned to the Swiss chemist Max Mürgenthaller, who left the experiments with coffee in 1899 and has already earned a reputation and money for the production of milk powder.

The latter, together with a group of like-minded people, worked for 7 years and found a solution that allowed by adding water to restore all the properties of coffee beans after long-term storage. This decision was called the "coffee cube" and helped the Brazilian government solve the problem of storing excess coffee.

By the way, today there are two main methods of obtaining instant coffee - hot drying and freezing.

The method of hot drying is to dry in very hot air brewed concentrated coffee, which is fed through nozzles into a vertical container. The liquid from the coffee evaporates and dry granules already fall to the bottom of the container.

The method of freezing is to supply brewed concentrated coffee in a flat tank in a chamber with very low temperature and low pressure.

The water from the solution evaporates and small coffee crystals are formed.

1945 - Italian Achilles Gajia creates the perfect espresso machine. It was a machine that used a piston, through which hot water passed through the coffee under high pressure (9 - 11 bar).

Starbuks Corporation was founded in 1971 in Seattle, USA. A coffee company and coffee chain of the same name, with more than 24,000 establishments worldwide.

Since 1995, coffee has become the most popular beverage in the world. More than 400 billion cups of coffee are drunk annually. It is a product that ranks second in the world after oil in terms of its popularity and desire.

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